【張春一包養噴鼻】王陽明“知己便是易”之邏輯演繹

Keywords: Wang Yangming/Confidant/Easy/Philosophy Thinking

Title notes: Hunan Provincial Education and Guiding Hall University Humanities and Social Sciences Research Base Project “Research on Wang Yangming’s Integration of Knowledge and Action” under the Reality of the Field of Discussion” (2016517046).

Wang Yangming regards “Reading the Holy Book”① as the first thing in life. In his early years, he visited the community, and had income and expenditure. After three years of hardships, he learned that “I first knew the way of a saint, and my nature was self-sufficient” ②. This “the way of a saint” is the “confidant”. Yang clearly stated that “a confidant is bound to the sky and the earth”③, which is “available from the dead and the thousands of difficulties”④, “The word confidant is actually a drop of flesh and blood that the sages of the ages have passed on from one drop of flesh and blood”⑤. In his late years, he even replied: “I have no idea since the Dragon Boat Festival.” ⑥ Yangming’s structure and development of “confidence” is the result of more than 20 years of thinking and practice since the Dragon Boat Festival realized the truth in 1508. After the transformation of Ning Fan, Yangming lived in Nanchang in 1521 and clearly proposed the “teaching of a confidant”⑦. He said: “Confidant” is like the “rudder of a ship”, which isThe main mind of the mind, “‘To be a friend’ is to learn the big head and brain, and it is the first meaning of the sage to teach people”⑧, “The mind is a saint. The sage’s learning is only to be a friend of this friendship.”⑨. During his life, Yangming was determined to read books and learn the holy things. In his middle and old age, he spent his life to follow his “confidant” study, which aims to become a sage, and established a “confidant” system full of life and vitality for later generations. The construction of his “confidant” philosophical system originated from Yi, and finally learned from Yi, and in his old age, he clearly proposed that “confidant is Yi”. This article will use Wang Yangming’s logical interpretation of “body”, “heart”, “meaning”, “knowledge” and “things” as a thread. From how the “confidant” subject understands the object world, how the “confidant” body is formed, how the “confidant” subject constructs its own meaning world, and “confidant” means endless life. The Yidao shows how “confidant” can be combined with the origin of the universe and the origin of human science, how to unite the understanding, the intrinsic theory, and the value theory in the way of “Easy Tao to be born”, and build a living “confidant” system based on the reality of life from the perspective of philosophical thinking.

1. How does the subject of “confidant” understand the object world

When Wang Yangmingzhe thought, “confidant” is a young guy who was found in the most slack branch. Gao also focused on the theory that he focused on, and constructed his philosophical system with “confidant” as the focus is an important feature of Wang Yangming’s maturity in his late years. The problem explored by philosophical cognition is the problem of how the objectivity relationship between the subject and the object or between the two subjects is formed. The “confidant” mentioned by Yangming is the confidant of the subject; the “heart” mentioned by Yangming is the mind with “confidant” as the main body; the learning of Yangming is the mind system with “confidant” as the focus. So, how does the confidant subject understand the object world? Let’s first review the commentary of later generations who have a deep impact on Yangming on this issue.

In the “Shuer” chapter, Confucius said: “I have nothing to do if I don’t know. I listen more, take good things and follow them, and learn more and understand them. The second is to know.” ⑩ Confucius said that “knowledge” of “knowing more” and “see more” is to learn and know them, and it is only the second level of “knowing”; “doing without knowing” means to be able to do without learning, which means that the main body is natural and in line with the way of heaven and earth to do things. Confucius believed that this is the highest level of “knowing”. Wang Yangming once quoted Confucius’ words, “Do I know? I don’t know” (11), and concluded that “besides a confidant, there is no knowledge” (12). Then it can be said that in the Yangming’s thought structure, “confidant” is a unique way for the subject to understand the internal object world.

Zhang Xiuming of the Northern Song Dynasty divided the “knowledge of knowledge” and “knowledge of virtue”. He believed that “the knowledge of seeing things is known through communication”, because his own knowledge is extremely infinite, so it is only based on what he says, and cannot defeat things in the whole country; “the knowledge of virtue does not arise from seeing things”, but regards reasoning as everything, and everything is to have the same heart. “What is known about virtue and nature” is the gain of “deification”. He said: “The Book of Changes says that “the divine knowledge of the transformation” is that virtue and benevolence are greatIt’s so mature. “(13) He calls “God” as the virtue of heaven and body; “transformation” as the way of heaven and use. People can imitate the virtue of the six-member life and life, and adapt to the law of change of the two atmospheres of the yin and yang, and do not suffer from the survival of oneself, and do not lose it in their short life. When they reach the highest state of “realizing the gods and transforming, and being one with the heaven” (14), they will “be virtuous and self-resulting” (15), which is the knowledge of virtue. The two Chengs said, “The knowledge that is heard is not the knowledge of virtue. When things intersect with things, they know that they are not internal. This is what we call “rich and versatile”. ”(16) It is also clear that the difference between “knowledge of virtue” and “knowledge of hearing” lies in “inside”, that is, the heart.

Wang Yangming used “confidant” to replace the “knowledge of virtue” as described by future generations. Not only did he divide “confidant” and “knowledge of hearing”, but he also focused on the logical relationship between “confidant” and “knowledge of hearing”. He said: “Confidant cannot be seen by seeing, but seeing is difficult to use as a confidant, so confidant does not detract from seeing, nor does it leave the confidant. ”(17) “In a rough study, you only need to take the initiative to learn. If you take advantage of your knowledge and even your confidant, you will not be able to achieve your confidant’s achievements if you speak more and see more. When you spend your daily life, you can see and hear your friends. Even though you are thousands of people, it is difficult to use your friends to act in style. Apart from seeing and hearing your friends, there is no friend who can do it. “(18) A confidant does not originate from seeing, but seeing is the result of the way of the confidant’s behavior; a confidant cannot leave his eyes, and a confidant must use seeing as the basis. This is to say that a confidant is inherent